Y
A M91, P97
BT SRY1532.1/SRY10831.1, M42, M94, M139, M299
B M60,
M181, P85, P90
CF M168, M294, P9.1
DE M1/YAP,
M145/P205, M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183
D M174, 021355
E M40/SRY4064/SRY8299, M96, P29, P150,
P152, P154, P155, P156, P162,
P168, P169, P170, P171, P172, P173, P174, P175, P176
C, F P143
C M130/RPS4Y711, M216, P184, P255, P260
F M89, M213/P137, M235, P14, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140,
P141, P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161,
P163, P166, P187
G M201, P257, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U27, U33
H M69,
M370
IJK L15/S137, L16/S138, L69.1(=G)/S163.1
IJ M429/P125,
P123, P124, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22
I M170, M258, P19, P38, P212, U179
J 12f2.1, M304, P209, S6, S34, S35
K M9, P128, P131, P132
L M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295
M P256
NOP rs2033003
NO M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195
N M231
O M175, P186, P191, P196
P 92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27.1/P207, P69,
P226, P228,
P230, P235, P237, P239, P240, P243, P244, P281,
P282, P283, P284, P295
Q M242
• R M207/UTY2, M306/S1, P224, P227, P229, P232,
P280,
P285, S4, S8, S9
S M230, P202, P204
T M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272
USING DNA TO TRACE OUR ANCESTRY, Con't.
Page 2
Haplogroups are large groups of haplotypes that are used to identify genetic populations and geographical orientation. A person's
haplogroup can often be inferred from their haplotype; when marker 6, DYS426 is 12 and marker 10, DYS392 is 11; the probability is
that the participant is a member of haplogroup R1a1. If marker 6, DYS426 is 12 and marker 10, DYS392 is not 11; the participant is
probably a member of haplogroup R1b. Also if marker 6, DYS426 is 11, it is likely that the person is a member of haplogroup G, I,
or J. Likewise if marker 6, DYS426 is 11 and marker 7, DYS388 is 12, that person is part of haplogroup G. If we now consider the findings
of our survey to date we have identified four groups; I1, R1a1, R1b1a2, and E1b1b1. Whilst the results can give an indication of a
likely haplogroup this can only be confirmed by specifically testing for that Haplogroups' SNPs, where one nucleotide has mutated
or switched to a different nucleotide. The nucleotide switch must occur in at least one per cent of the population to be considered
a useful SNP, or it is considered a personal SNP. To demonstrate the various groups and associated mutations a copy of the Y-DNA
Haplogroup Tree 2010, taken from the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) website, is given below:
The Y Haplogroup classifications are used to determine the population group of the paternal line. The haplogroups are identified by
the letters, A through T. Haplogroups are further subdivided into one or more levels, called subclades to form a working family tree.
In the diagram above each line represents a haplogroup or subclade in the yellow boxes, then one or more SNPs follow on the same line.
Therefore, a participant must test positive for any one of the SNPs appearing on a particular line to belong to that particular haplogroup
and any prevailing subclades. In respect of the Haplogroups shown above, Haplogroups A and B are only found in sub-Saharan Africa,
but they also present feature in those people taken by the
Y Y-Chromosomal Adam: Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
A Is particularly prevalent in
Firstly the Khoisan, which consists of two ethnic groups of
Secondly the Ethiopians, especially those centred on Beta in,
The final group is the Nilotes, which comprises of ethnic groups from mainly southern Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and northern Tanzania,
who speak Nilotic languages, which is a significant sub-group of the Nilo-Saharan languages.
BT All other
haplogroups are summarized as BT (they are also referred to as YxA.) The BT haplogroup, shown above, separated from haplogroup
An approximately 55,000 years ago.
B Again found in Africa, mainly the Pygmies who live in several ethnic groups in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of Congo, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia and the Hadzabe, an ethnic group in north-central Tanzania, living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighbouring Serengeti Plateau
CF Thishaplogroup represents the common ancestor of all people who migrated out of Africa, and is found throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and
the
DE The DE haplogroup materialized approximately 50,000 years ago in North East Africa and subsequently divided into haplogroup D that
dispersed along the coastline of
D Appear in Japan, China, Tibet, and the Andaman Islands, a group of archipelagic islands in the Indian Ocean in the Bay of Bengal between
India to the west and Burma/Myanmar to the north and east
E Are established primarily in
E1b1a Found in
E1b1b Live in East Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, especially
around the
C,F
C Found in Asia, Oceania, and
C1 Are located in
C2 Found in Indonesia; New Guinea; Melanesia, a sub region of Oceania extending
from the western end of the Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji. The region comprises most of the islands immediately
north and northeast of
C3 Appear throughout Eurasia; especially among Mongols; Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples.
Tungusic relates to a group of twelve or so closely related languages spoken in Russia, China and Mongolia.; Paleosiberians,
located in northeast Siberia, and farther West near the Yenisei River; and Na-Dené-speaking peoples, a Native American language family
which includes the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit.; and
C4 Occurs among the
indigenous peoples of
C5 Are evident in the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula, and northern
F Found in Southern
G Relates to many ethnic groups in Eurasia; especially
the Caucasus, which includes Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar
Krai, Stavropol Krai, Armenia, Azerbaijan. Nagorno-Karabakh, Georgia, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia; Iran; Anatolia, which is the region
that is surrounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the
southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west; and other eastern Mediterranean coastal areas. It is
also widespread in almost all European countries, but mainly Gagauzia, an autonomous part of Moldavia/Moldova; south eastern Romania;
Greece; Italy; Spain; Portugal; Tyrol in Austria; and Bohemia, occupying the western two-thirds of the Czech Republic; with highest
concentrations on some Mediterranean islands. Also a small number can be found in north western
H Found mainly in
IJK
IJ The IJ haplogroup characterises the second wave of migration from Africa to the Middle East over 45,000 years ago and defines two
branches I and J that travelled northwards and eastwards into
I Found in Europe and parts of the
I1 Found mainly in northern
I2 Found primarily in southeast Europe and
I2B1 Found mostly in Western, Central, and
J Concentrated mainly on Socotra, a small archipelago of
four islands in the Indian Ocean.
J1 Found in North east Caucasian peoples in Dagestan; Semitic peoples in Mesopotamia; the Levant, which includes modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Territories; the Arabian Peninsula; Ethiopia; and North Africa
J2 Found mainly in Mesopotamia, Anatolia,
K Found throughout Eurasia; Oceania, especially Melanesia a sub region of Oceania comprises
most of the islands immediately north and northeast of Australia extending from the western end of the Pacific Ocean to
the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji: Australia; and the Americas
K1 Found in Indian subcontinent
K3 Found
in Melanesia and Polynesia, a sub region of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central
and southern Pacific Ocean.
K4 Found in
L Found in South Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia,
the
M Found in
NOP
NO The NO haplogroup
appeared approximately 35-40,000 years ago in
N Found in northern Eurasia, especially among the Uralic
peoples,
O Located in East Asia,
O1 To be found in eastern and southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian, which encompasses the Taiwanese
aborigines; the majority ethnic groups of East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Polynesia,
as well as the Polynesian peoples of New Zealand and Hawaii, and the non-Papuan people of Melanesia. They are also found in
O2a Situated in
O2b Found in
O3 Located throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia including
Q Is credited with originating in Central Asia approximately 35-40 000 years ago, and is found in Siberia and the
Q1a1 Located among Dungans from the
Q1a2 Manifests among some populations of Southwest
Asia, Central Asia, and
Q1a3 Found in
Q1a3a Characteristic
of indigenous peoples of the
Q1a3a1 Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna of Brazil,
Q1a6 A significant minority appears in Yemeni Jews
Q1b Found among the Hazara and Sindhis, a
R Found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia,
and
R1a Originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated
with the
R1b Originated in
R1b1a2 Most commonly found among modern European
populations, especially those of
R2 Found
in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and
S Concentrated
in the highlands of
T Found in Africa, mainly Afro-Asiatic-speaking
peoples; the Middle East, the Mediterranean,
If we
now consider our test results to date, four haplogroups have been identified: I1, the “East Midland Keeps,” including John Keep
of Longmeadow; R1a1, the descendant of Walter Keep born 1762; R1b1a2, the “Wessex Keeps” and the “Enfield Keeps”; and E1b1b1,
the descendant of Stephen Keep. What does this tell us about our deeper ancestry?
The Y-DNA haplogroup I is mainly associated
with
The Y-DNA haplogroup R is thought to have surfaced in
The Y-DNA haplogroup E and variety
of E subclades are very prevalent in North East Africa, however, it is closely connected to Haplogroup D, which is not found in Africa;
therefore, it must be assumed it originated in the Near or Middle East and was subsequently conveyed into Africa by population migration.
The descendants of Stephen Keep have been ascribed to E1b1b1, which evolved in either in North East Africa or the Near East and
then travelled to the west; both shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Today they are found in Western Europe, Southeast Europe, the Near
East, Northeast Africa and